<h2>Summary of lessons so far</h2>
<p>Carbohydrates are a group of macromolecules that are a vital energy source for the cell and provide structural support to <a data-lesson="summarizing-asexual-reproduction" data-subject="biology" data-tutorial="plant-reproduction" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/biology/plant-reproduction/summarizing-asexual-reproduction">plant</a> cells, fungi, and all of the arthropods that include lobsters, crabs, shrimp, insects, and spiders.</p>
<p>Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and <a data-lesson="carbohydrates-continued-polysaccharides" data-subject="biology" data-tutorial="biological-macromolecules" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/biology/biological-macromolecules/carbohydrates-continued-polysaccharides">polysaccharides</a> depending on the number of monomers in the molecule. Monosaccharides are linked by glycosidic bonds that are formed as a result of dehydration reactions, forming disaccharides and polysaccharides with the <a data-lesson="elimination" data-subject="biology" data-tutorial="digestive-system" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/biology/digestive-system/elimination">elimination</a> of a <a data-lesson="water-and-life-2" data-subject="biology" data-tutorial="biology-foundations" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/biology/biology-foundations/water-and-life-2">water</a> molecule for each bond formed.</p>
<p>Glucose, galactose, and fructose are common monosaccharides, whereas common disaccharides include lactose, maltose, and sucrose. Starch and glycogen, examples of polysaccharides, are the storage forms of <a data-lesson="connections-of-other-sugars-to-glucose-metabolism" data-subject="biology" data-tutorial="cellular-respiration" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/biology/cellular-respiration/connections-of-other-sugars-to-glucose-metabolism">glucose</a> in <a data-lesson="nutritional-adaptations-of-plants" data-subject="biology" data-tutorial="soil-plant-nutrition" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/biology/soil-plant-nutrition/nutritional-adaptations-of-plants">plants</a> and animals, respectively. The long polysaccharide chains may be branched or unbranched.</p>
<p>Cellulose is an example of an unbranched polysaccharide, whereas amylopectin, a constituent of starch, is a highly branched molecule. Storage of glucose, in the form of polymers like starch of glycogen, makes it slightly less accessible for metabolism; however, this prevents it from leaking out of the cell or creating a high osmotic <a data-lesson="gas-pressure-and-respiration" data-subject="biology" data-tutorial="respiratory-system" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/biology/respiratory-system/gas-pressure-and-respiration">pressure</a> that could cause excessive water uptake by the cell.</p>
<h2>Glossary of Words</h2>
<h3>Carbohydrate</h3>
<p>biological macromolecule in which the ratio of <a data-lesson="carbon-cycle" data-subject="biology" data-tutorial="ecology-overview" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/biology/ecology-overview/carbon-cycle">carbon</a> to <a data-lesson="hydrogen-bonds-and-van-der-waals-interactions" data-subject="biology" data-tutorial="chemical-foundation-of-life" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/biology/chemical-foundation-of-life/hydrogen-bonds-and-van-der-waals-interactions">hydrogen</a> and to oxygen is 1:2:1; <a data-lesson="carbohydrates" data-subject="biology" data-tutorial="biology-foundations" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/biology/biology-foundations/carbohydrates">carbohydrates</a> serve as energy sources and structural support in cells and form the cellular <a data-lesson="exoskeleton" data-subject="biology" data-tutorial="animal-systems-intro" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/biology/animal-systems-intro/exoskeleton">exoskeleton</a> of arthropods</p>
<h3>Cellulose</h3>
<p>polysaccharide that makes up the <a data-lesson="cell-wall" data-subject="biology" data-tutorial="introducing-the-cell" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/biology/introducing-the-cell/cell-wall">cell wall</a> of plants; provides structural support to the cell</p>
<h3>Chitin</h3>
<p>type of carbohydrate that forms the outer skeleton of all arthropods that include crustaceans and insects; it also forms the cell walls of fungi</p>
<h3>Disaccharide</h3>
<p>two sugar monomers that linked together by a glycosidic bond</p>
<h3>Glycogen</h3>
<p>storage carbohydrate in animals</p>
<h3>Glycosidic bond</h3>
<p>bond formed by a dehydration reaction between two <a data-lesson="introducing-carbohydrates-monosaccharides" data-subject="biology" data-tutorial="biological-macromolecules" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/biology/biological-macromolecules/introducing-carbohydrates-monosaccharides">monosaccharides</a> with the elimination of a water molecule</p>
<h3>Monosaccharide</h3>
<p>single unit or monomer of carbohydrates</p>
<h3>Polysaccharide</h3>
<p>long chain of monosaccharides</p>
<h3>Starch</h3>
<p>stored carbohydrate in plants</p>

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Summarizing Carbohydrates

Biology studies life and living organisms. Biology can be divided into different sections that cover the morphology, physiology, anatomy, behavior, and so on of living organisms.

Biology

Discover the different types and functions of biological macromolecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and explore their structures and synthesis through lessons on hydrolysis, disaccharides, protein structures, and DNA double-helix.


Summarizing Carbohydrates

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