The Excretory System
Learn about the regulation of electrolytes and osmotic balance, the function and structure of kidneys, excretion systems in microorganisms and insects, nitrogenous waste in terrestrial animals and hormonal control of osmoregulatory functions in this tutorial.
Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
Need For Osmoregulation
Transport of Electrolytes Across Cell Membranes
Concept of Osmolality and Milliequivalent
Osmoregulators and Osmoconformers
Summarizing Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
Kidneys: the Main Osmoregulatory Organ
Kidney Structure
Kidney Function and Physiology
Summarizing the Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
Contractile Vacuoles in Microorganisms
Flame Cells of Planaria and Nephridia of Worms
Malpighian Tubules of Insects
Summarizing Excretion Systems
Introducing Nitrogenous Wastes
Nitrogenous Waste in Terrestrial Animals: the Urea Cycle
Nitrogenous Waste in Birds and Reptiles: Uric Acid
Summarizing Nitrogenous Wastes
Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone
Mineralocorticoids
Antidiurectic and Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Hormone
Summarizing Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions