<h2 class="documentFirstHeading">Summary</h2>
<h3 class="para">Mitosis and the Cell Cycle</h3>
<ul class="bullet">
<li class="item">During interphase the <a href="https://app.ulearngo.com/tutorials/introducing-genetics/dna">DNA</a> replicates.</li>
<li class="item">The process of <a data-lesson="mitosis" data-subject="biology" data-tutorial="cell-biology" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/biology/cell-biology/mitosis">mitosis</a> occurs in four stages: prophase, metaphase; anaphase and telophase.</li>
<li class="item">Cytokinesis differs in plant and animal cells. In animal cells the <a data-lesson="cytoplasm" data-subject="biology" data-tutorial="introducing-the-cell" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/biology/introducing-the-cell/cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a> invaginates and divides the cell in two, and in a plant cell the cell is divided in two by the cell plate which forms the cell wall.</li>
<li class="item">Mitosis ensures growth of <a data-lesson="complex-tissue-structure" data-subject="biology" data-tutorial="introducing-animal-diversity" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/biology/introducing-animal-diversity/complex-tissue-structure">tissues</a> and organisms.</li>
<li class="item">Damaged and worn out tissues are repaired and replaced by new cells through mitosis.</li>
<li class="item">Single-celled (unicellular) organisms like amoeba often reproduce asexually by mitosis.</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="para">Cancer</h3>
<div class="list">
<ul class="bullet">
<li class="item">Cancer is caused by DNA mutations.</li>
<li class="item">Abnormal and uncontrolled <a data-lesson="cell-division" data-subject="biology" data-tutorial="cell-biology" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/biology/cell-biology/cell-division">cell division</a> results in tumour formation.</li>
<li class="item">Tumours affect the functioning of the tissue or organ.</li>
<li class="item">Cancer cells can enter the bloodstream or <a data-lesson="composition-of-the-lymphatic-system" data-subject="biology" data-tutorial="animal-systems-intro" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/biology/animal-systems-intro/composition-of-the-lymphatic-system">lymph</a> and spread to distant parts of the body and form new tumours (metastasise).</li>
<li class="item">Cancers are caused by substances called carcinogens.</li>
<li class="item">Carcinogens such as certain chemicals, radiation, <a data-lesson="viruses" data-subject="biology" data-tutorial="cell-biology" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/biology/cell-biology/viruses">viruses</a> and genetics can be the cause of certain cancers.</li>
<li class="item">Cancers can be treated by various methods including surgery, radiation, <a data-lesson="cancer-treatment" data-subject="biology" data-tutorial="introducing-the-cell" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/biology/introducing-the-cell/cancer-treatment">chemotherapy</a> and traditional medicines.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Optional Summary Video: The Cell Cycle and Cancer</h2>
<p>The <a href="http://www.amoebasisters.com/">Amoeba Sisters</a> video below summarizes the importance of the <a data-lesson="cell-cycle" data-subject="biology" data-tutorial="cell-biology" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/biology/cell-biology/cell-cycle">cell cycle</a> and a real <a href="https://app.ulearngo.com/tutorials/introducing-study-of-life/what-is-life">life</a> example when it is not controlled: cancer.</p>
<iframe allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lpAa4TWjHQ4?rel=0&amp;modestbranding=1&amp;cc_lang_pref=en&amp;cc_load_policy=1" width="640"></iframe></div>

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Summary and Main Ideas

Biology studies life and living organisms. Biology can be divided into different sections that cover the morphology, physiology, anatomy, behavior, and so on of living organisms.

Biology

Discover the fascinating world of cells and explore topics such as microscopy, cell theory, membrane models, transport processes, organelles, and the cell cycle.


Summary and Main Ideas

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