<h2 class="section-header"><strong class="title">Centrioles</strong></h2>
<p class="para">Animal cells contain a special organelle called a centriole. The centriole is a cylindrical tube-like structure that is composed of 9 microtubules arranged in a very particular pattern. Two centrioles arranged perpendicular to each other are referred to as a <em class="emphasis">centrosome</em>. The centrosome plays a very important role in cell division. The centrioles are responsible for organising the microtubules that position the <a data-lesson="chromosomes" data-subject="biology" data-tutorial="cell-biology" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/biology/cell-biology/chromosomes">chromosomes</a> in the correct location during cell division. You will learn more about their function in the next set of lessons on cell division.</p>
<p><a href="https://data.ulearngo.com/assets/e0b2531c-7d30-4f19-8d10-03d2ae923944"><img alt="centrioles" class="size-full wp-image-100171 alignnone" height="210" src="https://data.ulearngo.com/assets/e0b2531c-7d30-4f19-8d10-03d2ae923944" width="382"/></a></p>
<h2 class="section-header"><strong class="title">Plastids</strong></h2>
<p class="para">Plastids are organelles found only in plants. There are 3 different types:</p>
<div class="list">
<ol class="arabic">
<li class="item"><em class="emphasis">Leucoplasts</em>: white plastids found in roots</li>
<li class="item"><em class="emphasis">Chloroplasts</em>: green-coloured plastids found in plants and algae</li>
<li class="item"><em class="emphasis">Chromoplasts</em>: contain red, orange or yellow pigments and are common in ripening fruit, <a data-lesson="flowers" data-subject="biology" data-tutorial="seed-plants" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/biology/seed-plants/flowers">flowers</a> or autumn leaves</li>
</ol>
</div>
<p><a href="https://data.ulearngo.com/assets/2cd07394-e8cd-4488-a7fb-bef3abaf244a"><img alt="plastids" class="size-full wp-image-100173 alignnone" height="98" src="https://data.ulearngo.com/assets/2cd07394-e8cd-4488-a7fb-bef3abaf244a" width="382"/></a></p>
<div class="ns-tutorial">
<div class="ns-school-defn2">
<h3 class="note-header"><span class="cnx_label">Fact:</span></h3>
<p class="para">The colour of plant flowers such as an orchid is controlled by a specialised organelle in a cell known as the chromoplast.</p>
<p><a href="https://data.ulearngo.com/assets/b0766985-6138-4fb2-8bf4-26e087371f0f"><img alt="orchid" class="size-full wp-image-100172 alignnone" height="102" src="https://data.ulearngo.com/assets/b0766985-6138-4fb2-8bf4-26e087371f0f" width="153"/></a></p>
</div>
</div>
<h3 class="para">Chloroplast</h3>
<p class="para">The chloroplast is a double-membraned organelle. Within the double membrane is a gel-like substance called stroma. Stroma contains <a data-lesson="enzymes-2" data-subject="biology" data-tutorial="biology-foundations" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/biology/biology-foundations/enzymes-2">enzymes</a> for photosynthesis. Suspended in the stroma are stack-like structures called grana (singular = granum). Each granum is a stack of thylakoid discs. The chlorophyll molecules (green pigments) are found on the surface of the thylakoid discs. Chlorophyll absorbs energy from the sun in order for photosynthesis to take place in the chloroplasts. The grana are connected by lamellae (intergrana). The lamellae keep the stacks apart from each other.</p>
<p class="para">The structure of the chloroplast is neatly adapted to its function of trapping and storing energy in plants. For example, chloroplasts contain a high density of thylakoid discs and numerous grana to allow for increased surface area for the absorption of sunlight, thus producing a high quantity of food for the plant. Additionally, the lamellae keeping the thylakoids apart maximise chloroplast efficiency, thus allowing as much <a data-lesson="light" data-subject="biology" data-tutorial="sensory-systems" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/biology/sensory-systems/light">light</a> as possible to be absorbed in the smallest surface area.</p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><b class="emphasis">Schematic Diagram</b></td>
<td><b class="emphasis">Micrograph</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://data.ulearngo.com/assets/ae741fb9-9700-4c6d-9253-9019a6ec7f31"><img alt="chloroplast-diagram" class="size-full wp-image-100174 alignnone" height="323" src="https://data.ulearngo.com/assets/ae741fb9-9700-4c6d-9253-9019a6ec7f31" width="474"/></a></td>
<td><a href="https://data.ulearngo.com/assets/87bcf4a1-cc80-4d07-8a7d-29e11728ada9"><img alt="chloroplast-micrograph" class="size-full wp-image-100175 alignnone" height="191" src="https://data.ulearngo.com/assets/87bcf4a1-cc80-4d07-8a7d-29e11728ada9" width="252"/></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Video: Inner Life of a Cell</h2>
<p><a href="http://multimedia.mcb.harvard.edu/">Harvard University</a> selected <a href="http://www.xvivo.net">XVIVO</a> to develop an animation that would take their cellular biology students on a journey through the microscopic world of a cell, illustrating mechanisms that allow a white <a data-lesson="blood-2" data-subject="biology" data-tutorial="human-biology" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/biology/human-biology/blood-2">blood</a> cell to sense its surroundings and respond to an external stimulus. This award winning piece was the first topic in a series of animations XVIVO is creating for Harvard's educational website BioVisions at Harvard. Watch the animation below.</p>
<p><iframe allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wJyUtbn0O5Y?rel=0&amp;modestbranding=1&amp;cc_lang_pref=en&amp;cc_load_policy=1" width="640"></iframe></p>

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Centrioles and Plastids

Biology studies life and living organisms. Biology can be divided into different sections that cover the morphology, physiology, anatomy, behavior, and so on of living organisms.

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Discover the fascinating world of cells and explore topics such as microscopy, cell theory, membrane models, transport processes, organelles, and the cell cycle.


Centrioles and Plastids

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