<h2>Summary of Lessons So Far</h2>
<p id="fs-id2261646">Biology is the science that studies living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environments. Science attempts to describe and understand the nature of the universe in whole or in part by rational means. Science has many fields. We call those fields related to the physical world and its phenomena, natural sciences.</p>
<div class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_47400" style="width: 680px"><a href="https://data.ulearngo.com/assets/54498411-9835-48cd-8592-39fcf26393eb"><img alt="vaccine-development" class="size-full wp-image-47400" height="452" src="https://data.ulearngo.com/assets/54498411-9835-48cd-8592-39fcf26393eb" width="680"/></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Image Attribution: Vaccine Development, by Sabin Vaccine Institute</p></div>
<p id="fs-id1836512">Science can be basic or applied. The main goal of <a href="https://app.ulearngo.com/tutorials/introducing-study-of-life/basic-applied-science">basic science</a> is to expand knowledge without any expectation of short-term practical application of that knowledge. The primary goal of applied research, however, is to solve practical problems.</p>
<p id="fs-id2909561">In science, we use two types of logical reasoning. Inductive reasoning uses particular results to produce general scientific principles. Deductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that predicts results by applying general principles.</p>
<p>The common thread throughout scientific research is the use of the scientific method, a step-based process that consists of making observations, defining a problem, posing hypotheses, testing these hypotheses, and drawing one or more conclusions. The testing uses proper controls.</p>
<p>Scientists present their results in peer-reviewed scientific papers published in scientific journals. A scientific research paper consists of several well-defined sections: introduction, materials and methods, results, and, finally, a concluding discussion. Review papers summarize the research done in a particular field over a <a data-lesson="summarizing-the-evolutionary-history-of-the-animal-kingdom" data-subject="biology" data-tutorial="introducing-animal-diversity" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/biology/introducing-animal-diversity/summarizing-the-evolutionary-history-of-the-animal-kingdom">period</a> of time.</p>
<h2>Glossary of Words</h2>
<h3>Abstract</h3>
<p>opening section of a scientific paper that summarizes the research and conclusions</p>
<h3>Applied science</h3>
<p>form of science that aims to solve real-world problems</p>
<h3>Basic science</h3>
<p>science that seeks to expand knowledge and understanding regardless of the short-term application of that knowledge</p>
<h3>Biology</h3>
<p>the study of living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environments</p>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>section of a scientific paper that summarizes the importance of the experimental findings</p>
<h3>Control</h3>
<p>part of an <a href="https://app.ulearngo.com/tutorials/introducing-study-of-life/experimenting-and-forming-theories">experiment</a> that does not change during the experiment</p>
<h3>Deductive reasoning</h3>
<p>form of logical thinking that uses a general inclusive statement to forecast specific results</p>
<h3>Descriptive science</h3>
<p>(also, discovery science) form of science that aims to observe, explore, and investigate</p>
<h3>Discussion</h3>
<p>section of a scientific paper in which the author interprets experimental results, describes the relationship between variables, and attempts to explain the phenomenon in question</p>
<h3>Falsifiable</h3>
<p>able to be disproved by experimental results</p>
<h3>Hypothesis</h3>
<p>suggested explanation for an observation, which can be tested</p>
<h3>Hypothesis-based science</h3>
<p>form of science that begins with a specific question and potential testable answers</p>
<h3>Inductive reasoning</h3>
<p>form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion</p>
<h3>Introduction</h3>
<p>opening section of a scientific paper, which provides background information about what was known in the field prior to the research reported in the paper</p>
<h3>Life science</h3>
<p>field of science, such as biology, that studies living things</p>
<h3>Materials and methods</h3>
<p>section of a scientific paper that includes a complete description of the substances, methods, and techniques used by the researchers to gather data</p>
<h3>Natural science</h3>
<p>field of science that is related to the physical world and its phenomena and processes</p>
<h3>Peer-reviewed manuscript</h3>
<p>scientific paper that is reviewed by a scientist’s colleagues who are experts in the field of study</p>
<h3>Physical science</h3>
<p>field of science, such as geology, astronomy, physics, and chemistry, that studies nonliving matter</p>
<h3>Plagiarism</h3>
<p>using other people’s work or ideas without proper citation, creating the false impression that those are the author’s original ideas</p>
<h3>Results</h3>
<p>section of a scientific paper in which the author narrates the experimental findings and presents relevant figures, pictures, diagrams, graphs, and tables, without any further interpretation</p>
<h3>Review article</h3>
<p>paper that summarizes and comments on findings published as primary literature</p>
<h3>Science</h3>
<p>knowledge that covers general truths or the operation of general laws, especially when acquired and tested by the scientific method</p>
<h3>Scientific method</h3>
<p>method of research with defined steps that include observation, formulation of a hypothesis, testing, and confirming or falsifying the hypothesis</p>
<h3>Serendipity</h3>
<p>fortunate accident or a lucky surprise</p>
<h3>Theory</h3>
<p>tested and confirmed explanation for observations or phenomena</p>
<h3>Variable</h3>
<p>part of an experiment that the experimenter can vary or change</p>

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Summary and Main Ideas

Biology studies life and living organisms. Biology can be divided into different sections that cover the morphology, physiology, anatomy, behavior, and so on of living organisms.

Biology

Explore the foundations of biology as a science, including scientific reasoning, the scientific method, controlled experiments, and reporting scientific work to gain an understanding of the properties of life, levels of organization, and diversity of living things.


Summary and Main Ideas

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