Summarizing Hybrid Atomic Orbitals

Key Concepts and Summary

We can use hybrid orbitals, which are mathematical combinations of some or all of the valence atomic orbitals, to describe the electron density around covalently bonded atoms. These hybrid orbitals either form sigma (σ) bonds directed toward other atoms of the molecule or contain lone pairs of electrons. We can determine the type of hybridization around a central atom from the geometry of the regions of electron density about it. Two such regions imply sp hybridization; three, sp² hybridization; four, sp³ hybridization; five, sp³d hybridization; and six, sp³d² hybridization. Pi (π) bonds are formed from unhybridized atomic orbitals (p or d orbitals).

Glossary

hybrid orbital

orbital created by combining atomic orbitals on a central atom

hybridization

model that describes the changes in the atomic orbitals of an atom when it forms a covalent compound

sp hybrid orbital

one of a set of two orbitals with a linear arrangement that results from combining one s and one p orbital

sp² hybrid orbital

one of a set of three orbitals with a trigonal planar arrangement that results from combining one s and two p orbitals

sp³ hybrid orbital

one of a set of four orbitals with a tetrahedral arrangement that results from combining one s and three p orbitals

sp³d hybrid orbital

one of a set of five orbitals with a trigonal bipyramidal arrangement that results from combining one s, three p, and one d orbital

sp³d² hybrid orbital

one of a set of six orbitals with an octahedral arrangement that results from combining one s, three p, and two d orbitals