<div>
<h3>Learning Objective</h3>
<ul>
<li>Identify the amino acids that were combined to create a peptide.</li>
</ul>
</div>
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<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul>
<li>An amide bond has various <a data-lesson="resonance" data-subject="chemistry" data-tutorial="chemical-bonding" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/chemistry/chemical-bonding/resonance">resonance</a> forms which allow for extra stabilization and extra versatility in various environments.</li>
<li>Amino acids is the basic <a data-lesson="atoms-and-compounds" data-subject="chemistry" data-tutorial="chemistry-essential-ideas" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/chemistry/chemistry-essential-ideas/atoms-and-compounds">building</a> block of proteins; they are composed of a carbon atom attached to a hydrogen, a carbonyl group, an amine group, and an R group. Large proteins are formed by linking amino acids with peptide bonds.</li>
<li>The amide bond is formed through a <a data-lesson="condensation-reactions" data-subject="chemistry" data-tutorial="organic-chemistry" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/chemistry/organic-chemistry/condensation-reactions">condensation</a> reaction, whereby the carbonyl and the amine group link together with the release of water.</li>
</ul>
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<h3>Terms</h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>dipole:</strong> any molecule or radical that has delocalized positive and negative charges</li>
<li><strong>amino acid:</strong> any of the 20 naturally occurring α-amino acids (having the amino and carboxylic acid groups on the same carbon atom) and a variety of <a data-lesson="dissociation-in-water" data-subject="chemistry" data-tutorial="reactions-in-aqueous-solution" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/chemistry/reactions-in-aqueous-solution/dissociation-in-water">side</a> chains that combine, via peptide bonds, to form proteins</li>
</ul>
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<p>Amino acids are the building blocks for the proteins responsible for the biological functions within our body. Amino acids are <a data-lesson="chemical-compounds" data-subject="chemistry" data-tutorial="bonding-atomic-combinations" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/chemistry/bonding-atomic-combinations/chemical-compounds">chemical compounds</a> consisting of a carbon atom bonded to an amine group, a <a data-lesson="hydrogen-reactions" data-subject="chemistry" data-tutorial="metals-metalloids-nonmetals" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/chemistry/metals-metalloids-nonmetals/hydrogen-reactions">hydrogen</a> atom, a carboxylic group, and a varying side-chain (R group); it is this side chain that distinguishes each amino acid from another. Higher-ordered structures such as peptide chains and proteins are formed when amino acids bond to each other.</p>
<div class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 680px"><img alt="" height="462" src="https://data.ulearngo.com/assets/84c3c04e-6d47-4fd1-815e-158f47325ccc" width="680"/><p class="wp-caption-text"><b>The Peptide Bond</b>: The peptide bond (circled) links two amino acids together. The blue balls represent the nitrogen that connect from the amine terminus of one amino acid to the carboxylate of another. The green balls are carbon, and the red are oxygen.</p></div>
<h2>Peptides</h2>
<p>A peptide is a molecule composed of two or more amino acids. The bond that holds together the two amino acids is a peptide bond, or a covalent chemical bond between two compounds (in this case, two amino acids). It occurs when the carboxylic group of one molecule reacts with the <a data-lesson="amino-acids-organic-molecules" data-subject="chemistry" data-tutorial="organic-chemistry" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/chemistry/organic-chemistry/amino-acids-organic-molecules">amino group</a> of the other molecule, linking the two molecules and releasing a <a data-lesson="unique-properties-of-water" data-subject="chemistry" data-tutorial="states-of-matter" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/chemistry/states-of-matter/unique-properties-of-water">water</a> molecule.</p>
<p>Long chain polypeptides can be formed by linking many amino acids to each other via peptide bonds. The amide bond can only be broken by amide hydrolysis, where the bonds are cleaved with the addition of a water molecule. The peptide bonds of proteins are metastable, and will break spontaneously in a slow process. Living <a data-lesson="nitrogen-fixation" data-subject="chemistry" data-tutorial="metals-metalloids-nonmetals" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/chemistry/metals-metalloids-nonmetals/nitrogen-fixation">organisms</a> have enzymes which are capable of both forming and breaking peptide bonds.</p>
<div class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_322368" style="width: 629px"><img alt="The Amide Bond: Peptide bonds are amide bonds, characterized by the presence of a carbonyl group attached to an amine." class="wp-image-322368 size-full" height="107" src="https://data.ulearngo.com/assets/5ebc63ed-86d2-4d56-bb24-0f7a1c8da947" width="629"/><p class="wp-caption-text"><b>The Amide Bond</b>: Peptide bonds are amide bonds, characterized by the presence of a carbonyl group attached to an amine.</p></div>
<h2>Resonance Forms of the Amid Group</h2>
<p>The amide group has three resonance forms, which confer important properties. First, the stabilization afforded from the resonance structures effectively stabilizes it by 80kj/mol, making it less reactive than similar groups. The peptide bond is uncharged at normal pH values, but the <a data-lesson="alkenes" data-subject="chemistry" data-tutorial="organic-chemistry" href="https://app.ulearngo.com/chemistry/organic-chemistry/alkenes">double</a> bonded character from the resonance structure creates a dipole, which can line up in secondary structures. The partial double bond character can be strengthened or weakened by modifications that favor one another, allowing some flexibility for the presence of the peptide group in varying conditions. The extra stabilization makes the peptide bond relatively stable and unreactive. However, peptide bonds can undergo chemical reactions, typically through an attack of the electronegative atom on the carbonyl carbon, resulting in the formation of a tetrahedral intermediate.</p>

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Peptide Bonding between Amino Acids

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Peptide Bonding between Amino Acids

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