Capacitance in Series

Several capacitors may be connected together in a variety of applications. Multiple connections of capacitors act like a single equivalent capacitor. The total capacitance of this equivalent single capacitor depends both on the individual capacitors and how they are connected. There are two simple and common types of connections, called series and parallel, for which we can easily calculate the total capacitance. Certain more complicated connections can also be related to combinations of series and parallel.

Capacitance in Series

This figure (a) shows a series connection of three capacitors with a voltage applied. As for any capacitor, the capacitance of the combination is related to charge and voltage by \(C=\cfrac{Q}{V}\).

Note in this figure that opposite charges of magnitude \(Q\) flow to either side of the originally uncharged combination of capacitors when the voltage \(V\) is applied. Conservation of charge requires that equal-magnitude charges be created on the plates of the individual capacitors, since charge is only being separated in these originally neutral devices. The end result is that the combination resembles a single capacitor with an effective plate separation greater than that of the individual capacitors alone. (See this figure (b).) Larger plate separation means smaller capacitance. It is a general feature of series connections of capacitors that the total capacitance is less than any of the individual capacitances.

(a) Capacitors connected in series. The magnitude of the charge on each plate is \(Q\). (b) An equivalent capacitor has a larger plate separation \(d\). Series connections produce a total capacitance that is less than that of any of the individual capacitors.

We can find an expression for the total capacitance by considering the voltage across the individual capacitors shown in this figure. Solving \(C=\cfrac{Q}{V}\) for \(V\) gives \(V=\cfrac{Q}{C}\). The voltages across the individual capacitors are thus \({V}_{1}=\cfrac{Q}{{C}_{1}}\), \({V}_{2}=\cfrac{Q}{{C}_{2}}\), and \({V}_{3}=\cfrac{Q}{{C}_{3}}\). The total voltage is the sum of the individual voltages:

\(V={V}_{1}+{V}_{2}+{V}_{3}.\)

Now, calling the total capacitance \({C}_{\text{S}}\) for series capacitance, consider that

\(V=\cfrac{Q}{{C}_{\text{S}}}={V}_{1}+{V}_{2}+{V}_{3}.\)

Entering the expressions for \({V}_{1}\), \({V}_{2}\), and \({V}_{3}\), we get

\(\cfrac{Q}{{C}_{\text{S}}}=\cfrac{Q}{{C}_{1}}+\cfrac{Q}{{C}_{2}}+\cfrac{Q}{{C}_{3}}.\)

Canceling the \(Q\)s, we obtain the equation for the total capacitance in series \({C}_{\text{S}}\) to be

\(\cfrac{1}{{C}_{\text{S}}}=\cfrac{1}{{C}_{1}}+\cfrac{1}{{C}_{2}}+\cfrac{1}{{C}_{3}}+\text{.}\text{.}\text{.},\)

where “...” indicates that the expression is valid for any number of capacitors connected in series. An expression of this form always results in a total capacitance \({C}_{\text{S}}\) that is less than any of the individual capacitances \({C}_{1}\), \({C}_{2}\), ..., as the next example illustrates.