The following example illustrated projectile motion.
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<h3>Example: A Fireworks Projectile Explodes High and Away</h3>
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During a fireworks display, a shell is shot into the air with an initial speed of 70.0 m/s at an angle of \(75.0º\) above the horizontal, as illustrated in the figure below. The fuse is timed to ignite the shell just as it reaches its highest point above the ground. (a) Calculate the height at which the shell explodes. (b) How much time passed between the launch of the shell and the explosion? (c) What is the horizontal displacement of the shell when it explodes?
Strategy
Because air resistance is negligible for the unexploded shell, the analysis method outlined above can be used. The motion can be broken into horizontal and vertical motions in which \({a}_{x}=0\) and \({a}_{y}=–g\). We can then define \({x}_{0}\) and \({y}_{0}\) to be zero and solve for the desired quantities.
Solution for (a)
By “height” we mean the altitude or vertical position \(y\) above the starting point. The highest point in any trajectory, called the apex, is reached when \({v}_{y}=0\). Since we know the initial and final velocities as well as the initial position, we use the following equation to find \(y\):
\({v}_{y}^{2}={v}_{0y}^{2}-2g\left(y-{y}_{0}\right)\text{.}\)
<div class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 380px"><img alt="The x y graph shows the trajectory of fireworks shell. The initial velocity of the shell v zero is at angle theta zero equal to seventy five degrees with the horizontal x axis. The fuse is set to explode the shell at the highest point of the trajectory which is at a height h equal to two hundred thirty three meters and at a horizontal distance x equal to one hundred twenty five meters from the origin." height="368" src="https://data.ulearngo.com/assets/9783d868-f7ab-4931-8f00-ee63ea4a936c" width="380"/>The trajectory of a fireworks shell. The fuse is set to explode the shell at the highest point in its trajectory, which is found to be at a height of 233 m and 125 m away horizontally.</div>
Because \({y}_{0}\) and \({v}_{y}\) are both zero, the equation simplifies to
\(0={v}_{0y}^{2}-2\text{gy.}\)
Solving for \(y\) gives
\(y=\cfrac{{v}_{0y}^{2}}{2g}\text{.}\)
Now we must find \({v}_{0y}\), the component of the initial velocity in the y-direction. It is given by \({v}_{0y}={v}_{{0}^{}}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\theta \), where \({v}_{0y}\) is the initial velocity of 70.0 m/s, and \({\theta }_{0}=75.0º\) is the initial angle. Thus,
\({v}_{0y}={v}_{0}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\theta }_{0}=\left(\text{70.0 m/s}\right)\left(\text{sin 75º}\right)=\text{67.6 m/s.}\)
and \(y\) is
\(y=\cfrac{(67.6\text{ m/s})^{2}}{2(9.80\text{ m/s}^{2})},\)
so that
\(y=\text{233}\text{ m.}\)
Discussion for (a)
Note that because up is positive, the initial velocity is positive, as is the maximum height, but the acceleration due to gravity is negative. Note also that the maximum height depends only on the vertical component of the initial velocity, so that any projectile with a 67.6 m/s initial vertical component of velocity will reach a maximum height of 233 m (neglecting air resistance).
The numbers in this example are reasonable for large fireworks displays, the shells of which do reach such heights before exploding. In practice, air resistance is not completely negligible, and so the initial velocity would have to be somewhat larger than that given to reach the same height.
Solution for (b)
As in many physics problems, there is more than one way to solve for the time to the highest point. In this case, the easiest method is to use \(y={y}_{0}+\frac{1}{2}\left({v}_{0y}+{v}_{y}\right)t\). Because \({y}_{0}\) is zero, this equation reduces to simply
\(y=\frac{1}{2}\left({v}_{0y}+{v}_{y}\right)t\text{.}\)
Note that the final vertical velocity, \({v}_{y}\), at the highest point is zero. Thus,
\(t = \cfrac{2y}{(v_{0y}+v_y)}=\cfrac{2(233\text{ m})}{(67.6\text{ m/s})}\) 
\(t = 6.90\text{ s.}\)
Discussion for (b)
This time is also reasonable for large fireworks. When you are able to see the launch of fireworks, you will notice several seconds pass before the shell explodes. (Another way of finding the time is by using \(y={y}_{0}+{v}_{0y}t-\frac{1}{2}{\text{gt}}^{2}\), and solving the quadratic equation for \(t\).)
Solution for (c)
Because air resistance is negligible, \({a}_{x}=0\) and the horizontal velocity is constant, as discussed above. The horizontal displacement is horizontal velocity multiplied by time as given by \(x={x}_{0}+{v}_{x}t\), where \({x}_{0}\) is equal to zero:
\(x={v}_{x}t\text{,}\)
where \({v}_{x}\) is the x-component of the velocity, which is given by \({v}_{x}={v}_{0}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{cos}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\theta }_{0}\text{.}\) Now,
\({v}_{x}={v}_{0}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{cos}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\theta }_{0}=\left(\text{70}\text{.}0\text{ m/s}\right)\left(\text{cos 75.0º}\right)=\text{18}\text{.}1\text{ m/s.}\)
The time \(t\) for both motions is the same, and so \(x\) is
\(x=\left(\text{18}\text{.}1\text{ m/s}\right)\left(6\text{.}\text{90 s}\text{}\right)=\text{125 m.}\text{}\)
Discussion for (c)
The horizontal motion is a constant velocity in the absence of air resistance. The horizontal displacement found here could be useful in keeping the fireworks fragments from falling on spectators. Once the shell explodes, air resistance has a major effect, and many fragments will land directly below.
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In solving part (a) of the preceding example, the expression we found for \(y\) is valid for any projectile motion where air resistance is negligible. Call the maximum height \(y=h\); then,
\(h=\cfrac{{v}_{0y}^{2}}{2g}\text{.}\)
This equation defines the maximum height of a projectile and depends only on the vertical component of the initial velocity.
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<h3 data-type="title">Defining a Coordinate System</h3>
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It is important to set up a coordinate system when analyzing projectile motion. One part of defining the coordinate system is to define an origin for the \(x\) and \(y\) positions. Often, it is convenient to choose the initial position of the object as the origin such that \({x}_{0}=0\) and \({y}_{0}=0\).
It is also important to define the positive and negative directions in the \(x\) and \(y\) directions. Typically, we define the positive vertical direction as upwards, and the positive horizontal direction is usually the direction of the object’s motion. When this is the case, the vertical acceleration, \(g\), takes a negative value (since it is directed downwards towards the Earth).
However, it is occasionally useful to define the coordinates differently. For example, if you are analyzing the motion of a ball thrown downwards from the top of a cliff, it may make sense to define the positive direction downwards since the motion of the ball is solely in the downwards direction. If this is the case, \(g\) takes a positive value.
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Example on Projectile Motion: A Fireworks Projectile Explodes High and Away

Physics is a science discipline concerned with the nature and properties of matter and energy. Physics topics include mechanics, heat, light and radiation, sound, electricity, magnetism, the structure of atoms, and so on.

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Explore the principles of two-dimensional kinematics, including mastering vector addition and subtraction, resolving a vector into components, and analyzing projectile motion and relative velocities.


Example on Projectile Motion: A Fireworks Projectile Explodes High and Away

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